What term describes a writ or order granting authority to perform an action such as a search or arrest?

The term that describes a writ or order granting authority to perform an action such as a search or arrest is known as a warrant. A warrant is a legal document issued by a judge or magistrate that permits law enforcement to take a specific action, such as searching a property or apprehending an individual. It is essential for upholding the Fourth Amendment rights, ensuring that law enforcement actions are based on probable cause.

In the context of law enforcement, a warrant serves to protect individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, balancing the need for public safety with personal privacy rights. The specificity of a warrant also mandates that officers outline the details of the place to be searched or the person to be arrested, providing clear legal authorization for their actions.

The other terms represent different legal instruments: a summons typically notifies an individual to appear in court; a subpoena commands someone to testify or produce evidence; and an indictment is a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime. Each of these serves distinct legal purposes but does not confer the immediate authority to conduct searches or make arrests, which is the primary function of a warrant.